![]() ![]() Moreover, various authors argue that there is a need to clarify the specific beliefs, emotions, motivations or behaviors that characterize unregulated uses of substances or objects, in order to identify the pathways towards different addictive behaviors. According to this perspective, excessive SNS use might reflect a temporary compensatory strategy to cope with transient negative states ( Carbonell & Panova, 2017 Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Some others recommend a systematic assessment of the motivations to use SNS frequently. Some authors (e.g., Shaffer, Hall, & Vander Bilt, 2000) argue against this perspective by suggesting that an excessive use of SNS might be an expression of a pre-existing psychopathology (e.g., social anxiety or depression) rather than a primary disorder. Griffiths (2005) has argued that repeated behaviors that are characterized by salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse should be defined as addictive. Despite the various advantages of SNS, some authors in the past have raised the possibility that frequent SNS use might represent a technological addiction, i.e., a nonchemical (behavioral) addiction involving human-machine interaction ( Griffiths, 1995), with women being more likely to exhibit problematic use than men ( Su, Han, Jin, Yan, & Potenza, 2019). The rapid growth in the popularity of social networking sites (SNS) has led to various empirical investigations on the potential benefits of their use, including the capacity to overcome permanent real-life issues (e.g., physical disabilities) and age- or work-related barriers (e.g., geographical distance to family members). ![]()
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